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Analysis of successive changes in cardiac output and right atrial pressure in a human after a large arteriovenous (AV) fistula is suddenly opened. The stages of the analysis, as shown by the equilibrium points, are as follows: A, normal conditions; B, immediately after opening the AV fistula; C, 1 minute or so after the sympathetic reflexes have become active; and D, several weeks after the blood volume has increased and the heart has begun to hypertrophy.